修士課程

研究成果

年別の研究成果 1976 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

• 4519 Article
• 1994 Conference contribution
• 384 Conference article
• 261 Paper
• 194 その他
  • 51 Review article
  • 43 Chapter
  • 43 Editorial
  • 19 Meeting Abstract
  • 15 Comment/debate
  • 7 Abstract
  • 5 Foreword/postscript
  • 4 Book
  • 4 Letter
  • 2 Poster
  • 1 Short survey

年別の研究成果

年別の研究成果

検索結果

• 2022

  Microstructural Parameters for Modelling of Superconducting Foams

  Koblischka, M. R., Koblischka-Veneva, A., Nouailhetas, Q., Hajiri, G., Berger, K., Douine, B. & Gokhfeld, D., 2022 3月 1, In: Materials. 15, 6, 2303.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • foams 100%
  • Foams 97%
  • Foam 92%
  • polyurethane foam 23%
  • Polyurethane Foam 20%

• Morphology of Ge thin films crystallized by Au-induced layer exchange at low temperature (220 °c)

  Sunthornpan, N., Kimura, K. & Kyuno, K., 2022 5月 1, In: Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B: Nanotechnology and Microelectronics. 40, 3, 030601.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • Thin films 100%
  • Amorphous Material 73%
  • Crystallization 57%
  • Crystalline materials 55%
  • thin films 54%

• Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows

  Darwish, A. M., Sarkisov, S. S., Patel, D. N., Mele, P., Latronico, G., Wilson, S., Cho, K., Giri, A., Koplitz, B. & Hui, D., 2022 1月 1, In: Nanotechnology Reviews. 11, 1, p. 1167-1180 14 p.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • Solar Concentrator 100%
  • Solar concentrators 91%
  • Nanoparticles 57%
  • Quantum yield 47%
  • Simulators 46%

• Naturally occurring UBIAD1 mutations differentially affect menaquinone biosynthesis and vitamin K-dependent carboxylation

  Chen, X., Furukawa, N., Jin, D. Y., Liu, Y., Stafford, D. W., Williams, C. M., Suhara, Y. & Tie, J. K., 2022 5月, In: FEBS Journal. 289, 9, p. 2613-2627 15 p.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • Dimethylallyltranstransferase 100%
  • Menaquinone 88%
  • Vitamin K 2 79%
  • Carboxylation 70%
  • Corneal Dystrophy, Crystalline, of Schnyder 70%

• Neural-Network-Based Adaptive Finite-Time Output Feedback Control for Spacecraft Attitude Tracking

  Zhao, L., Yu, J. & Chen, X., 2022, (Accepted/In press) In: IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • Backstepping 100%
  • Spacecraft 81%
  • Feedback control 80%
  • Neural networks 55%
  • Closed loop systems 42%
  1 被引用数 (Scopus)

• Oil Palm’s Empty Fruit Bunch as a Sorbent Material in Filter System for Oil-Spill Clean Up

  Puasa, N. A., Ahmad, S. A., Zakaria, N. N., Khalil, K. A., Taufik, S. H., Zulkharnain, A., Azmi, A. A., Gomez-Fuentes, C., Wong, C. Y. & Shaharuddin, N. A., 2022 1月 1, In: Plants. 11, 1, 127.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • oil spills 100%
  • sorbents 96%
  • Elaeis guineensis 81%
  • fruit 74%
  • oil spill 73%
  1 被引用数 (Scopus)

• Optimization of MoCl₅ intercalation for low-resistance and low-damage exfoliated highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite

  Ketsombun, E. & Ueno, K., 2022 1月 15, In: Microelectronic Engineering. 252, 111666.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • Intercalation 100%
  • pyrolytic graphite 85%
  • intercalation 76%
  • low resistance 76%
  • Doping (additives) 74%

• Passivity-based adaptive fault-tolerant control for continuous-time Markov jump PWA systems with actuator faults

  Xu, N., Zhu, Y., Chen, X. & Su, C. Y., 2022 3月 10, In: International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control. 32, 4, p. 2300-2312 13 p.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • Passivity 100%
  • Actuators 58%
  • Closed loop systems 14%
  • Nonlinear systems 13%
  • Controllers 8%

• Photo racemization of 2,2′-dihydroxy-1,1′-binaphthyl derivatives

  Wang, Q., Pietropaolo, A., Fortino, M., Song, Z., Bando, M., Naga, N. & Nakano, T., 2022 2月, In: Chirality. 34, 2, p. 317-324 8 p.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • naphthol BINOL 100%
  • dimethyl ether 78%
  • Ethers 50%
  • Ether 48%
  • Derivatives 35%
  1 被引用数 (Scopus)

• Power attenuation from restricting range of motion is minimized in subjects with fast RTD and following isometric training

  Davidson, B., Hinks, A., Dalton, B. H., Akagi, R. & Power, G. A., 2022 2月, In: Journal of Applied Physiology. 132, 2, p. 497-510 14 p.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • Torque 100%
  • Articular Range of Motion 89%
  • Tendons 21%
  • Muscles 13%
  • Leg 12%

• Pulse-by-pulse optical observation of laser-irradiated thin glass substrate using oil-immersion microscopy

  Yanagisawa, Y. & Matsuo, S., 2022 1月, In: Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 61, 1, 010901.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • Laser pulses 100%
  • Microscopic examination 83%
  • submerging 78%
  • oils 69%
  • Glass 61%

• Quantitative Evaluation of the Contributions of Improved Housing Performances Toward Delivering Sustainable Development Goals by a Building Energy Simulation Tool

  Serikawa, M., Satoh, M., Umishio, W., Kawakubo, S., Nakano, J., Akimoto, T., Ikaga, T. & Murakami, S., 2022 4月, In: Sustainable Cities and Society. 79, 103701.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • Quantitative Evaluation 100%
  • Sustainable Development Goal 97%
  • Sustainable Development Goals 94%
  • building 74%
  • Sustainable development 70%

• Ratiometric laser-induced fluorescence for liquid-phase thermometry around boiling bubbles at extended temperatures above 70 °C

  Abdelghany, A., Kuribayashi, K. & Tange, M., 2022 2月, In: Experiments in Fluids. 63, 2, 52.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • Laser-induced Fluorescence 100%
  • Thermometry 69%
  • Rhodamine 110 61%
  • rhodamine 56%
  • Bubble 56%

• Relationship between Cognitive Dysfunction and Age-Related Variability in Oxidative Markers in Isolated Mitochondria of Alzheimer’s Disease Transgenic Mouse Brains

  Yoshida, N., Kato, Y., Takatsu, H. & Fukui, K., 2022 2月, In: Biomedicines. 10, 2, 281.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • Beta-Amyloid 100%
  • Oxidative Stress 88%
  • Transgenic Mice 79%
  • Marker 77%
  • Disorder 76%

• Seismic performance of steel chevron braced frames designed according to Japanese practice

  Seki, A., Inoue, K., Okazaki, T., Hashioka, S. & Asada, H., 2022 2月, In: Journal of Constructional Steel Research. 189, 107066.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • Force 100%
  • Steel 85%
  • Torsion 75%
  • Tension 70%
  • Torsional stress 49%

• Superelasticity of a photo-actuating chiral salicylideneamine crystal

  Taniguchi, T., Ishizaki, K., Takagi, D., Nishimura, K., Shigemune, H., Kuramochi, M., Sasaki, Y. C., Koshima, H. & Asahi, T., 2022 12月, In: Communications Chemistry. 5, 1, 4.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • Photoisomerization 100%
  • Phase transitions 77%
  • Crystals 73%
  • Phase Transition 63%
  • phase transition 53%

• Synthesis, Characterization and Biomedical Application of Silver Nanoparticles

  Naganthran, A., Verasoundarapandian, G., Khalid, F. E., Masarudin, M. J., Zulkharnain, A., Nawawi, N. M., Karim, M., Abdullah, C. A. C. & Ahmad, S. A., 2022 1月 1, In: Materials. 15, 2, 427.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • Silver nanoparticles 100%
  • Silver Nanoparticle 62%
  • silver 56%
  • synthesis 49%
  • nanoparticles 46%
  2 被引用数 (Scopus)

• Synthesis and crystalline structure of poly(p-phenylene alkylene)s and poly(p-phenylene co-alkylenes)s by Kumada coupling reaction of α,ω-dibromoalkane and p-dichlorobenzene

  Naga, N., Okado, S., Ohara, Y. & Noguchi, K., 2022 1月, In: Journal of Polymer Research. 29, 1, 13.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • Kumada Cross-Coupling 100%
  • Crystalline materials 68%
  • Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering 67%
  • X ray diffraction 64%
  • Diffraction 56%

• Synthesis of network polymers by photo-initiated thiol–ene reaction between multi-functional thiol and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate

  Naga, N., Yamada, K., Moriyama, K., Kudoh, S., Nagami, Y., Nageh, H. & Nakano, T., 2022 4月, In: Polymer Bulletin. 79, 4, p. 2411-2427 17 p.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • Poly(ethylene Glycol Diacrylate) 100%
  • Polyethylene glycols 91%
  • thiols 89%
  • Polymer Network 75%
  • glycols 75%

• Synthesis of porous polymers by means of Michael addition reaction of multifunctional acetoacetate and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate

  Naga, N., Satoh, M., Magara, T., Ahmed, K. & Nakano, T., 2022 1月 5, In: European Polymer Journal. 162, 110901.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • Addition reactions 100%
  • Poly(ethylene Glycol Diacrylate) 80%
  • Polyethylene glycols 73%
  • Porous Polymer 70%
  • Acetoacetate 66%

• Synthesis of Syndiotactic-polystyrene Based Porous Polymers by Polymerization-Crystallization Induced Phase Separation in Poor Solvent

  Naga, N., Noguchi, K., Kouya, T. & Nishii, K., 2022 1月, In: Chemistry Letters. 51, 1, p. 30-33 4 p.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • Porous Polymer 100%
  • Phase Separation 70%
  • Styrene 65%
  • Solvent 38%
  • Polymerization Reaction 16%

• Systematic Study of Effective Hydrothermal Synthesis to Fabricate Nb-Incorporated TiO₂ for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

  Lee, S. Y., Numata, D., Serizawa, A., Sasaki, K., Fukushima, K., Hu, X. & Ishizaki, T., 2022 3月 1, In: Materials. 15, 5, 1633.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • Hydrothermal synthesis 100%
  • Oxygen reduction reaction 94%
  • Hydrothermal Method 45%
  • synthesis 42%
  • Doping (additives) 39%

• The Evaluation of Counter Diffusion CVD Silica Membrane Formation Process by In Situ Analysis of Diffusion Carrier Gas

  Ishii, K. & Nomura, M., 2022 2月, In: Membranes. 12, 2, 102.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • Chemical vapor deposition 100%
  • Silica 88%
  • Chemical Vapour Deposition 77%
  • Membranes 72%
  • Diffusion 52%

• The Resilience Community: Strengthening People‐Centered Disaster Risk Reduction in the Merapi Volcano Community, Java, Indonesia

  Mutiarni, Y. S., Nakamura, H. & Bhattacharya, Y., 2022 2月 1, In: Sustainability (Switzerland). 14, 4, 2215.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • Volcanoes 100%
  • disaster risk 77%
  • risk reduction 73%
  • Disasters 62%
  • resilience 57%

• Tool Wear and Surface Roughness Characteristics in the High-Speed Milling of Pure Ti and Ti Alloy Using TiAlN Coated Carbide Radius End Mill

  Jaingam, T., Kaminaga, C., Sawa, T. & Anzai, M., 2022 3月, In: International Journal of Automation Technology. 16, 2, p. 230-237 8 p.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • Carbides 100%
  • Surface roughness 85%
  • Wear of materials 75%
  • Temperature 13%
  • Machining 13%

• Unusual ferrimagnetic ground state in rhenium ferrite

  Assadi, M. H. N., Fronzi, M. & Hanaor, D. A. H., 2022 1月, In: European Physical Journal Plus. 137, 1, 21.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • Rhenium 100%
  • Ground state 95%
  • Ferrimagnetic 82%
  • rhenium 81%
  • Ferrite 62%

• Use of a Simulation Model to Investigate the Mechanisms of Sports-related Head Injuries

  Takao, H., Watanabe, D., Tani, S., Ohashi, H., Ishibashi, T., Takeshita, K., Murakami, S., Nishimoto, T., Yuge, K., Karagiozov, K., Abe, T. & Murayama, Y., 2022, In: Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica. 62, 1, p. 13-18 6 p.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • Craniocerebral Trauma 100%
  • Temporal Lobe 93%
  • Sports 88%
  • Corpus Callosum 67%
  • Gyrus Cinguli 62%

• Utilisation of Oil Palm’s Empty Fruit Bunch Spikelets for Oil-Spill Removal

  Puasa, N. A., Ahmad, S. A., Zakaria, N. N., Shaharuddin, N. A., Khalil, K. A., Azmi, A. A., Gomez-Fuentes, C., Merican, F., Zulkharnain, A., Kok, Y. Y. & Wong, C. Y., 2022 2月, In: Agronomy. 12, 2, 535.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • oil spills 100%
  • Elaeis guineensis 81%
  • spikelets 81%
  • response surface methodology 54%
  • oils 47%

• Valorization of the chicken by-product waste with supercritical CO₂ inactivation of microbes towards sustainable utilization

  Ilias, M. K. M., Hossain, M. S., Zuknik, M. H., Balkakrishnan, V., Al-Gheethi, A., Ghfar, A. A., Zulkharnain, A. & Yahaya, A. N. A., 2022, (Accepted/In press) In: Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • Byproducts 100%
  • Antibiotics 75%
  • Bacteria 68%
  • Land fill 21%
  • Safe handling 13%

• Wide-Dynamic-Range Brillouin Optical Correlation-Domain Reflectometry With 20-kHz Sampling Rate

  Zhu, G., Kishizawa, K., Noda, K., Lee, H., Nakamura, K. & Mizuno, Y., 2022 4月 1, In: IEEE Sensors Journal. 22, 7, p. 6644-6650 7 p.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • Optical correlation 100%
  • Microwave frequencies 80%
  • microwave frequencies 65%
  • dynamic range 58%
  • sampling 52%

• ロッキング壁を利用した木造住宅の応答制御手法に関する研究

  Okawa, Y. & Ozawa, Y., 2022 2月 20, In: AIJ Journal of Technology and Design. 28, 68, p. 143-148 6 p.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • Seismic response 100%
  • Earthquakes 39%

• 英国の建設業における資格および職業訓練制度に関する研究

  Takagi, H. & Kanisawa, H., 2022 2月 20, In: AIJ Journal of Technology and Design. 28, 68, p. 436-441 6 p.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • Wages 100%
  • Construction industry 76%

• 睡眠不足に伴うストレスが生体発散物質放散量および知覚空気質に与える影響

  Inasaka, M., Tsushima, S., Ito, K. & Tanabe, S. I., 2022, In: Journal of Environmental Engineering. 87, 792, p. 113-122 10 p.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • sleep 100%
  • Odors 99%
  • Air quality 87%
  • Sleep 84%
  • odor 80%

• 電磁パルス法によるあと施工アンカー定着部の定量的非破壊評価における判定方法の検討

  Kaga, T., Miwa, H., Takanabe, M., Wadaka, S., Nagaoka, Y. & Hamasaki, H., 2022 2月 20, In: AIJ Journal of Technology and Design. 28, 68, p. 60-65 6 p.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • Anchorage zones 100%
  • Electromagnetic pulse 86%
  • Anchors 63%

• 半剛性エアビームの開発に関する研究

  Hirotani, N. & Ozawa, Y., 2022 2月 20, In: AIJ Journal of Technology and Design. 28, 68, p. 127-132 6 p.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • Air 100%
  • Rigidity 91%
  • Numerical analysis 39%

• 複雑形状 RC 建築における 3D モデル共有と型枠製作プロセス

  Hosaka, I., Hayashi, S., Gondo, T., Kanisawa, H. & Yamasaki, K., 2022 2月 20, In: AIJ Journal of Technology and Design. 28, 68, p. 448-453 6 p.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • Fabrication 100%
  • Industrial plants 82%
  • Managers 77%
• 2021

  3d puzzle in cube pattern for anisotropic/isotropic mechanical control of structure fabricated bymetal additivemanufacturing

  Ikeo, N., Fukuda, H., Matsugaki, A., Inoue, T., Serizawa, A., Matsuzaka, T., Ishimoto, T., Ozasa, R., Gokcekaya, O. & Nakano, T., 2021 8月, In: Crystals. 11, 8, 959.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • Cubic Crystal 100%
  • Powders 73%
  • Additive 61%
  • Metal 41%
  • Melting 39%
  2 被引用数 (Scopus)

• A chemical micropump actuated by self-oscillating polymer gel

  Aishan, Y., Yalikun, Y., Shen, Y., Yuan, Y., Amaya, S., Okutaki, T., Osaki, A., Maeda, S. & Tanaka, Y., 2021 6月 15, In: Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical. 337, 129769.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • Gels 100%
  • gels 74%
  • Polymers 69%
  • Gel 59%
  • polymers 55%
  3 被引用数 (Scopus)

• a comparison of subjective clinical and objective judgement of abdominal aortic aneurysm morphology

  Hanada, K., Hoshina, K., Iwakiri, T., Akai, T., Miyahara, K., Isaji, T., Takayama, T. & Yamamoto, S., 2021 4月, In: International Angiology. 40, 2, p. 138-142 5 p.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm 100%
  • Surgeons 46%
  • Finite Element Analysis 16%
  • Blood Vessels 15%

• Adaptive Fuzzy Neural Network Command Filtered Impedance Control of Constrained Robotic Manipulators With Disturbance Observer

  Li, G., Yu, J. & Chen, X., 2021, (Accepted/In press) In: IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • Fuzzy neural networks 100%
  • Manipulators 75%
  • Robotics 65%
  • Acoustic impedance 63%
  • Error compensation 26%
  1 被引用数 (Scopus)

• Adaptive Plan Using Sigmoid Function for Nonlinear Topology Optimization

  Nguyen, V. T., Tao, N. L., Nguyen, T. T. & Bui, N. T., 2021 12月, In: International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research. 10, 12, p. 710-716 7 p.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • Shape optimization 100%

• Adaptive Pseudo Inverse Control for a Class of Nonlinear Asymmetric and Saturated Nonlinear Hysteretic Systems

  Zhang, X., Jing, R., Li, Z., Li, Z., Chen, X. & Su, C. Y., 2021 4月, In: IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica. 8, 4, p. 916-928 13 p., 9242331.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • Pseudo-inverse 100%
  • Hysteresis 94%
  • Nonlinear systems 67%
  • Nonlinear Systems 62%
  • Signal Control 42%
  16 被引用数 (Scopus)

• A diy fabrication approach for ultra‐thin focus‐tunable liquid lens using electrohydrodynamic pump

  Murakami, T., Kuwajima, Y., Wiranata, A., Minaminosono, A., Shigemune, H., Mao, Z. & Maeda, S., 2021 12月, In: Micromachines. 12, 12, 1452.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • Electrohydrodynamics 100%
  • Lenses 74%
  • Pumps 56%
  • Fabrication 54%
  • Liquids 48%
  1 被引用数 (Scopus)

• A DIY Fabrication Approach of Stretchable Sensors Using Carbon Nano Tube Powder for Wearable Device

  Wiranata, A., Ohsugi, Y., Minaminosono, A., Mao, Z., Kurata, H., Hosoya, N. & Maeda, S., 2021 11月 11, In: Frontiers in Robotics and AI. 8, 773056.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • Wearable technology 100%
  • Powders 72%
  • Carbon 67%
  • Fabrication 66%
  • Elastomers 55%
  2 被引用数 (Scopus)

• A Fan-type condition for graphs to be k-leaf-connected

  Maezawa, S. I., Matsubara, R. & Matsuda, H., 2021 4月, In: Discrete Mathematics. 344, 4, 112260.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • Leaves 100%
  • Hamiltonian Connected 73%
  • Spanning tree 51%
  • Graph in graph theory 46%
  • Subset 28%

• A Hybrid Camera System for High-Resolutionization of Target Objects in Omnidirectional Images

  Premachandra, C. & Tamaki, M., 2021 5月 1, In: IEEE Sensors Journal. 21, 9, p. 10752-10760 9 p., 9353586.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • cameras 100%
  • Cameras 90%
  • Image resolution 19%
  • Object detection 18%
  • image processing 18%
  5 被引用数 (Scopus)

• A limit inferior Φ-dependent average dwell time approach for stability analysis of switched systems

  Yu, Q. & Zhai, G., 2021 1月 25, In: International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control. 31, 2, p. 565-581 17 p.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  • Stabilization 100%
  • Stability criteria 66%
  • Lyapunov functions 61%
  • Linear matrix inequalities 57%
  • Linear systems 53%
  7 被引用数 (Scopus)

• A multiobjective optimization of a catalyst distribution in a methane/steam reforming reactor using a genetic algorithm

  Pajak, M., Buchaniec, S., Kimijima, S., Szmyd, J. S. & Brus, G., 2021 6月 3, In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 46, 38, p. 20183-20197 15 p.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • Steam reforming 100%
  • genetic algorithms 93%
  • steam 89%
  • Multiobjective optimization 78%
  • catalysts 77%
  15 被引用数 (Scopus)

• A multi-tenant resource management system for multi-FPGA systems

  Yamakura, M., Takano, R., Ben Ahmed, A., Sugaya, M. & Amano, H., 2021, In: IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems. E104D, 12, p. 2078-2088 11 p.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • Field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) 100%
  • Computer systems 30%
  • Cloud computing 30%
  • Particle accelerators 17%

• Analysis and Design of Novel Structured High Torque Density Magnetic-Geared Permanent Magnet Machine

  Yousefnejad, S., Heydari, H., Akatsu, K. & Ro, J. S., 2021, In: IEEE Access. 9, p. 64574-64586 13 p., 9417213.

  研究成果: Article › 査読

  Open Access

  • Torque 100%
  • Permanent magnets 69%
  • Gears 22%
  • Finite element method 8%