@article{842c5592a18641979082bb4c4b539dce,
title = "Cosmic-ray spectra and composition in the energy range of 10-1000 TeV per particle obtained by the RUNJOB experiment",
abstract = "This is a full report on the cosmic-ray spectra and composition obtained by the emulsion chambers on board 10 long-duration balloons, launched from Kamchatka between 1995 and 1999. The total exposure of these campaigns amounts to 575 m2 hr, with an average flight altitude of ∼32 km. We present final results on the energy spectra of two light elements, protons and helium nuclei, and on those of three heavy-element groups, CNO, NeMgSi, and Fe, covering the very high energy region of 10-1000 TeV particle-1. We additionally present the secondary/primary ratio, the all-particle spectrum, and the average mass of the primary cosmic rays. We find that our proton spectrum is in good agreement with other results, but the intensity of the helium component is nearly half that obtained by JACEE and SOKOL. The slopes of the spectra of these two elements obtained from RUNJOB data are almost parallel, with values of 2.7-2.8 in the energy range of 10-500 TeV nucleon-1. RUNJOB heavy-component spectra are in agreement with the extrapolation from those at lower energies obtained by CRN (Chicago group), monotonically decreasing with energy. We have also observed secondary components, such as the LiBeB group and the sub-Fe group, and present the secondary/primary ratio in the TeV nucleon-1 region. We determine the all-particle spectrum and the average mass of the primary cosmic rays in the energy region of 20-1000 TeV particle-1. The intensity of the RUNJOB all-particle spectrum is 40%-50% less than those obtained by JACEE and SOKOL, and the RUNJOB average mass remains almost constant up to ∼1 PeV.",
keywords = "Acceleration of particles, Cosmic rays, Shock waves, Supernovae: general",
author = "Derbina, {V. A.} and Galkin, {V. I.} and M. Hareyama and Y. Hirakawa and Y. Horiuchi and M. Ichimura and N. Inoue and E. Kamioka and T. Kobayashi and Kopenkin, {V. V.} and S. Kuramata and Managadze, {A. K.} and H. Matsutani and Misnikova, {N. P.} and Mukhamedshin, {R. A.} and S. Nagasawa and R. Nakano and M. Namiki and M. Nakazawa and H. Nanjo and Nazarov, {S. N.} and S. Ohata and H. Ohtomo and Osedlo, {V. I.} and Oshuev, {D. S.} and Publichenko, {P. A.} and Rakobolskaya, {I. V.} and Roganova, {T. M.} and C. Saito and Sazhina, {G. P.} and H. Semba and T. Shibata and D. Shuto and H. Sugimoto and R. Suzuki and Sveshnikova, {L. G.} and Taran, {V. M.} and N. Yajima and T. Yamagami and Yashin, {I. V.} and Zamchalova, {E. A.} and Zatsepin, {G. T.} and Zayarnaya, {I. S.}",
note = "Funding Information: This work has been supported by the Institute of Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), the University of Tokyo, the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research and also for International Scientific Research from the Japan Society of Promotion of Sciences (JSPS; grants 08404012, 08045019, and 111695026), the Russian Foundation of Fundamental Research (grant 00-15-96632), the International Projects of the Russian Ministry of Science and Technology, and the Russian Commission of Balloon Research, grants PFFI 99-02-1772, 99-02-31005, and 99-02-18173, and grant “Universiteti Rossii” 990592 in Russia.",
year = "2005",
month = jul,
day = "20",
doi = "10.1086/432715",
language = "English",
volume = "628",
pages = "L41--L44",
journal = "Astrophysical Journal",
issn = "0004-637X",
publisher = "IOP Publishing Ltd.",
number = "1 II",
}