Improved sensitivity of acetaldehyde biosensor by detecting ADH reverse reaction-mediated NADH fluoro-quenching for wine evaluation

Acetaldehyde (AcH) is found in ambient air, foods, and the living body. This toxic substance is also contained in wine and known as an important ingredient affecting the quality of wine. Herein, we constructed and evaluated two different fiber-optic biosensors for measurement of AcH in the liquid phase (AcH biosensor) using aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) or alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The AcH biosensor measured a concentration of AcH using fluorescence intensity of a reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) that was produced or consumed via catalytic reaction of the respective enzyme. In the AcH measurement system, an ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED) and photomultiplier tube (PMT) were connected to a bifurcated optical fiber and were used to excite and detect NADH. A sensing region was developed using an optical fiber probe and an enzyme-immobilized membrane, buffer pH, and concentrations of a coenzyme in buffer solution for ALDH forward reaction and ADH reverse reaction were optimized, and the dynamic ranges were compared. ADH-mediated AcH biosensor showed higher sensitivity, wider dynamic range (1.500 μM), and capability of rapid measurement (less than 3 min) than ALDH-mediated AcH biosensor (5.200 μM). ADH biosensor also presented a high selectivity and allowed measurement of AcH in 9 different wine samples (5 red and 4 white wines). The determined concentrations were comparable to those measured by NADH absorbance method, which validated the accuracy of the ADH biosensor in AcH measurement.